Homelessness remains one of Africa’s most urgent human development challenges in 2025, shaped by rapid population growth, poverty, conflict and the persistent shortage of affordable housing. While homelessness exists in every region of the world, including wealthy nations, its impact in many African countries is more visible, precarious and intensely tied to survival, dignity and access to basic rights.
Estimates from the World Population Review indicate wide differences in homelessness across African countries, both in absolute numbers and relative to population size. Some countries struggle with very large homeless populations because of their sheer population scale, while others face intense pressure because homelessness affects a high proportion of their citizens. Together, these figures highlight not only a housing crisis, but also a broader governance and social protection gap. Moreso, to urban concentration and high-risk cities.
Across the continent, homelessness is overwhelmingly an urban phenomenon. Cities act as magnets for opportunity, but without adequate planning and investment, they also become epicenters of exclusion.
In Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country, Lagos illustrates the depth of the crisis. Areas such as Oshodi, Ajegunle, Ketu, Shomolu, and Obalende host thousands of people living on sidewalks, under bridges, or in informal clusters. High rents, unemployment, and migration from other states in search of work continue to push people onto the streets. Waterfront settlements like Makoko, built on stilts over the lagoon, expose families to flooding, disease, and eviction, while similar patterns of homelessness and overcrowded informal housing appear in Abuja and Kano.
In Uganda, Kampala records the country’s highest concentration of homeless people, particularly around transport hubs and markets. Internal migration, youth unemployment, and limited public housing have stretched the city’s capacity to absorb new residents.
In Sudan, Khartoum and its surrounding towns face elevated homelessness linked to prolonged economic instability and mass displacement. In Egypt, dense informal settlements on the outskirts of Cairo and Alexandria, such as Ezbet El Haggana, highlighting housing precarity, where millions live in self-built homes without reliable water, sanitation, or secure land tenure.
The challenge extends across the continent. Kinshasa and Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mogadishu in Somalia, Harare and Bulawayo in Zimbabwe, Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso, Maputo in Mozambique, and Addis Ababa in Ethiopia all report growing homeless populations tied to conflict, economic hardship, and rural-to-urban migration. These cities reveal a common pattern: when urban growth outpaces social policy, homelessness becomes a permanent feature of city life. Children are at the center of the crisis.
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